Computer Languages...,

                                    COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

A

• A+. 2001 Similar to APL.
• A#. Object oriented, functional programming language, now replaced by Aldor.
• Abap. Advanced Business Application Programming. Cobol-like programming language for Sap web application servers.
• Abc.
• Action! Compiler design programming language, as Micro-SPL.
• ActionScript. 2004. Version of ECMAScript for Flash.
• Actor. 1986. Programming language and also a concept for language design (actor oriented).
• Ada. 1983.
• Afnix. 1998 Formerly Aleph. Functional language.
• Agena. 2009. Inspired from Algol and C.
• Aldor.
• Aleph. See Afnix.
• Algae. Interpreted language for numerical analysis.
• Algo. Algebraic programming language.
• Algol. 1958. Followed by Algol 60, Algol W (Wirth) and Algol 68. Has inspired Pascal.
• Alma-0. Imperative and logical programming language.
• Alphard. 1974 Name of the brightest star in Hydra. Pascal-like.
• Altran. 1968. Fortran variant.
• AmigaE. Language inspired by Ada, C++, Lisp.
• Ampl. Modeling Language for Mathematical Programming.
• Anubis. 2000. Functional, not ML, language.
• ApeScript.
• Apl. 1962. A Programming Language Compiler FAQ.
• AppleScript. 1993. English-like scripting language.
• APT. Automatically Programmed Tool. High-level language for numerically controlled machines.
• Arduino. A version of the wiring language for the open source USB controller Arduino.
• Argos. Synchronous language.
• ARS. Abstraction, Reference and Synthesis. An orientation. Inspired programming languages. An ARS++ compiler exists.
• AspectJ. Java implementation of Aspect oriented programming. Development
• Assembly.
• ATLAS. Several minor languages with this name.
• Autocode. 1952. Several versions of this primitive historical language.
• AutoIt. Automation language. Originally for scripting Windows applications, now more general.
• Averest. Synchronous language, replaced by Quartz.
• Awk. 1978. See also gawk, nawk, mawk.
• Axiom. Computer Algrebra System, actually a set of tools that uses the A# language.

B

• B. 1969.
• Bash. Bourne-Again shell. Actually an interpreter for Bourne shell.
• Basic. 1964.
• BAL. Assembly language for the IBM 360.
• Bcpl. 1966. Basic Combined Programming Language. Compiler. Inspired B which in turn inspired C.
• BeanShell.
• Beta.
• Bigwig.
• Bistro. 1999. Smaltalk and Java like.
• Bliss.
• Blocky. 2012 by Google. Graphical language, block are moved to build an application.
• Boo. 2004.
• Bourne shell. (sh) 1978. Language of commands for Unix.
• Bpel. Business Process Execution Language

C

• C. 1972.
• C--. Portable intermediate language. Subset of C.
• C++. 1980. The standard is C++ 98 and C++ 09 should succeed in 2009.
• C#. 2000.
• C Shell.
• Caché ObjectScript. Procedural language with database functions. Compatible with Mumps.
• Caml. Categorical Abstract Machine Language.
• Cayenne. Functionnal, near Haskell with Java features.
• Cecil. 1992 Near Modula and Objective C. (Search on the site).
• CeeBot.
• Ceylon. 2012. Created by Red Hat to write collectively large programs and use structured data. Like JavaScript with classes and interfaces but runs on a Java Virtual Machine. Note: Ceylan = tea, Java = coffee.
• CFScript. JavaScript part of ColdFusion. See also CFML.
• Cg.
• Charity. Functional and categorical programming language.
• CHILL. Language for telecommunications. Chill 96 is object oriented and generic.
• CHR. Constraint Handling Rules.
• Chrome.
• ChucK. Multimedia concurrent language for audio synthesis and other musical tasks.
• Cilk. Multi-threaded and concurrent based on C.
• Clarion.
• Clay. 2011. For generic programming.
• Clean. Concurrent Clean.
• Clipper. 1984.
• CLIPS. C Language Integrated Production System. See Cool.
• Clojure. 2007. Lisp-like for the java virtual machine.
• CLOS. See Common Lisp.
• Clu. Has inspired Ruby.
• Cobol. 1959. COmmon Business Oriented Language. Inspired by Flow-matic, Fortran. ANSI standards are Cobol 58, 74, 85 and 2002 object oriented.
• CobolScript.
• Code. Visual parallel programming system.
• CoffeeScript. It compiles into JavaScript and offers a more readable syntax (just as Scriptol with PHP). Review.
• ColdFusion. 2001. Java compatible combination of CFScript and CFML, used for dynamic web processing.
• Comal. 1973.
• CIL. Common Intermediate Language.
• Common Lisp.
• Component Pascal.- See Oberon.
• Comit.- List or string processing language
• Cool.
• Coral66.
• Corn.
• Cowsel. See POP1.
• CPL. Predecessor of BCPL.
• Crack. 2009. By Google. Scripting language intended to provide the speed of compiled program. The syntax comes from C++ with features of Java and Python. Unlike Go whose goal is mainly compile time, it uses LLVM.
• Csh. See C Shell.
• Curl.
• Curry.
• Cyclone. 2006. Dialect of C.

D

• D. 2000. A simpler version of C++, includes a garbage collector.
• Databus. See PL/B.
• Dark Basic. Language for game creation.
• Dart. 2011. A browser language designed by Google to replace JavaScript, adds classes and interfaces.
• Datalog. Actually a deductive tool using Prolog.
• DCL. Digital Command Language. Scripting PL used on Digital computers.
• Deca. 2011. High-level Language for system programming. Uses LLVM.
• Delphi. 1995. Created by Borland, now at Embarcadero.
• Dibol.
• Disco. 1992.
• Dylan. 1992. DYNamic LANguage. Unlike Perl, only one way to do a thing. Fully object oriented, Lisp-like, it was created by Apple for the Newton device.

E

• E. See also AmigaE.
• Ease. See Csp and Linda.
• EcmaScript. 1997.
• Edinburgh IMP. See IMP.
• Eiffel. 1986.
• Elan. 1974
• elastiC.
• Emacs Lisp.
• EGL. 2008. Enterprise Generation Language by IBM. Based on Cross System Product created in 1981. Very high level language compiled into other languages such as COBOL, Java, etc.
• Epigram. A concurrent P. L.
• Erlang. 1998. ERicsson LANguage and also Agner Krarup Erlang. Functional, concurrent PL and runtime.
• Escapade. Server-side programming
• Esterel.
• Euclid.
• Euphoria. 1993. Typed scripting interpreted language.
• Euler. Successor to Algol 60. Dynamically typed.
• Exec. See Rexx.

F

• F.
• F#.
• Fabric. 2010, Cornell. Based on Java and Jif, it provides security on data used and stored.
• Factor. 2003.
• Fantom. 2005. C-like running on JVM and .NET.
• Felix.
• Ferite.
• FL.
• Flow-Matic. 1954.
• Focal.
• Focus.
• Foil.
• Forth. 1977. FOuRTH. Stack oriented. Used to command machines including boot of computers.
• Fortran. 1957. FORmula TRANSlator. Standard Fortran II (58), IV (61), 66, 77 (Procedural), 90, 95, 2003 (Object oriented). Language for scientific computations. Other dialects are S-Fortran, SFtran, QuickTran, LTRTran, HPF, Co-Array Fortran.
• Fortress. Designed by Sun for high performance computing.
• FP.
• Frink.

G

• G. Dataflow language for the LabView system, for graphical and parallel (and functional) programming. One programs visually by connecting objects.
• Gams. General Algebraic Modeling System.
• Gml. Game Maker Language.
• Go. 2009. Created by Google, is C and Pascal-like. It is concurrent with a garbage collector.
• Godiva.
• Goedel.
• Gosu. 2010. Java-like running on the JVM, provides extended types.
• GPSS.
• Groovy. Scripting language for Java.

H

• Halide. 2012. By the MIT, image processing language with a compact syntax.
• Hal/S. Real-time aerospace programming language
• HaScript.
• Haskell. 1990. Functional language. Haskell 98 follows. In 2002 version a lazy functional language. Compiler.
• Heron.
• HLA. High Level Assembly
• Hugo.
• HyperTalk. Hypernext and Supercard are Hypercard-like tools.
• H2o.

I

• IAL. 1958.
• ICI.
• Icon. 1977-79.
• IDL. 1977. Interface Definition Language. A family of descriptives languages. Compiler.
• IMP.
• Inform.
• IPL. 1956. Information Processing Language. First in list processing but replaced by Lisp.
• Intercal. 1972.
• IO.
• Iswim. 1966.

J

• J. 1990. Is a rework of APL.
• Jade.
• Jal.
• Janus. Predecessor of Toontalk.
• Java. 1994.
• JavaFX Script. 2008.
• JavaScript. 1996.
• JCL.
• Jif. 2001. Cornell. Java with control on information access.
• Join Java. Augmented version of Java.
• Joss. 1963. Predecessor of Mumps.
• Joule.
• Jovial. Jules Own Version of the International Algorithmic Language.
• Joy.
• JSP. See Java.
• JScript. See EcmaScript.
• Julia. 2010. For technical programming, uses LLVM, fast on mathematical operations. A program can modify its own code. Linux only.
• Jython. See Python.

K

• K.
• Kid. See P-Tac.
• Kiev.
• Kogut.

L

• LabView.
• Lagoona.
• Lava.
• Leda.
• Lexico.
• Lfyre.
• Limbo. Concurrent language, for distributed applications on the Inferno OS. Successor to Alef.
• Linc.
• LinearML. Functional language for parallel programming.
• Lingo. Several languages: Macromedia Lingo, Lingo Allegro, Linn Lingo, Lindo Lingo.
• Lisaac. OO language based on prototypes.
• Lisp. 1958. LISt Processing.
• Logo. 1966-68. Lisp without parenthesis. Learn programming by moving a graphical turtle. Compiler. (.Net)
• Lua. 1993. (Moon in portuguese). Scripting C-like language used mainly as extension to C.
• Lucid.
• Lush.
• Lustre.
• LYaPAS.

M

• M from Microsoft. Modeling language.
• M. See Mumps.
• M4.
• MAD. See IAL, Algol.
• Magma.
• Maple.
• Mary.
• Mathematica. 1988. Programming language that uses algebraic notation for expressions.
• Matlab.
• Mercury. 1995. Functional logic programming language. Ported to C, Java, IL (.Net).
• Mesa.
• Metal.
• Metro. 2008. Design language from Microsoft for Windows Phone, Media Center and mobile devices. (Link on a ppc file readable with LibreOffice).
• MicroScript.
• Mimic.
• Miranda. 1989. Functional language, has inspired Haskell.
• Miva.
• Mixal. "Mix Assembly Language" for the Mix computer of Donald Knuth.
• ML.
• Moby.
• Modula-2. 1980.
• Modula-3. 1989.
• Mondrian. Haskell-like.
• Mortran. See Fortran.
• Moto.
• MSIL. See CIL.
• Mumps. 1967. Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System. Database oriented language.

N

• Napier 88. Persistent language. (Search on the site).
• Nemerle.
• Nesl.
• NetRexx. 1996.
• Newspeak. 2010.
• Ngl.
• Nial.
• Nice.
• Nickle.
• Noop. 2009. Java-like language designed by Google to syntactically encourage good coding practices and discouraging bad habits. Compile to bytecode for the JVM.
• Nu. 2007. Near Lisp and Ruby.
• Nosica.

O

• o:Xml.
• Oberon. 1985-88. (Moon of Uranus). Reflective language. Derived from Modula-2.
• Objective-C. 1982. C plus Smalltalk, used in GNUStep environment.
• Objective Caml. 1996. ML-derived, functional and imperative language. Extends Caml.
• Objective J. 2008. Sur-ensemble de JavaScript utilisant la librairie Ojective-C.
• Objective Modula 2. 2006. Combination of Objective-C, Smalltalk and Modula 2.
• Obliq.
• OCaml. See Objective Caml above.
• Occam. (Occam-Pi, occam-π)
• Octave. For numerical computation.
• Opal. (OPtimized Applicative Language). Functional language.
• OPL. Open (or Organizer) Programming Language.
• Ops5.
• Orc. A language for distributed and concurrent programming, working through sites. May be used for Web scripting.
• Oz.

P

• Pascal. 1968-71. Name of a french mathematician.
• PBasic.
• Perl. 1987.
• PHP. 1995. Personal Home Page Hypertext Processor. PHP 5 in 2004. PHP 6 in 2007.
• Pico.
• Pike.
• Pilot.
• Pizza.
• PL 11.
• PL/0.
• PL/B.
• PL/C. Subset of PL/1
• PL/I. 1964. Programming Language One.
• PL/M.
• Plankalkül. 1946.
• Pliant.
• Pop-11.
• Poplog.
• Portran.
• Pov-Ray.
• Processing. C-like, for creating images and interactive animations.
• Profan.
• Prograph.
• Prolog.
• Proteus.
• P-Tac. Parallel language.
• Pure. 2011. Functional interpreted (through LLVM) language based on term rewriting.
• Python. 1991. Scripting interpreted language.

Q

• Q.
• QuakeC. Version of C for the Quake game.
• QML. Or QPL. Set of programming languages for quantum computers.
• QML. Declarative language to design user interfaces, similar to JavaFX, for Qt.

R

• R. 1998. Language and environment for statistical computation and graphics. Derived from the S language it is near Scheme.
• R++. C++ with rules added.
• Rascal. Version of Pascal for kids.
• Ratfiv. Version of Ratfor for a computer.
• Ratfor. 1975. Version of Fortran.
• RC. Rc shell, Plan9 command language ported further to Unix.
• Realbasic.
• Rebol. 1997. Relative Expression Based Object Language. Dynamic language with numerous predefined types.
• Red. 2011. Similar to Rebol, but compiled and open source.
• Refal. 1968. REcursive Functions Algorithmic Language.
• Revolution. Version of Hypertalk.
• RPG. 1960+ Report Program Generator. Query tool extended in a programming language for IBM. Main versions are RPG II, RPG III, RPG/400, RPG IV.
• RPL. Language for calculators similar to Forth.
• Rexx. 1979. REstructured eXtended eXecutor. Designed for IBM OS scripting but ported on other platforms.
• Rigal.
• Rlab.
• RSL. Robot Scripting Language.
• Ruby. 1995 Follows a "principle of least surprise", each thing must be intuitive. Scripting, multi-paradigm, object oriented.
• Rust. 2006. Concurrent language by Mozilla Labs inspired of C and improved for safety. Alternative to Go.

S

• S. (S-plus) See Tinn-R. The R framework hold an implementation.
• S2.
• Sail. Stanford Artificial Intelligence Language
• SAM76. Implementation of Trac.
• SAS. Fortran specialized in statistical reports.
• Sather. Eiffel-like language.
• Scala. 2004.
• Scheme. 1975.
• Scratch. 2007. Educational language developed by MIT consisting of blocks to be assembled. The same principle was used for the OpenBlocks Java library.
• Scriptol. 2001 Object oriented and XML oriented. Interpreter and compilers.
• Sed. Stream EDitor.
• Seed7. 2005.
• Self. 1993.
• SETL. Has inspired ABC, predecessor of Python.
• Short Code. 1949. Precursor of programming languages.
• SimsScript. Fortran specialized in mathematical simulations.
• Simmunity. Language for Internet based on APL
• Simula. 1962.
• SISAL. Streams and Iteration in a Single Assignment Language
• Slate.
• Slip. Symmetric LIst Processor. Actually an extension to fortran and other programming languages.
• Smalltalk.
• Snobol. 1962. Snobol 3 (1965), 4 (1966).
• SOAP. Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program, IBM 650 assembly language.
• Spitbol. SPeedy ImplemenTation of snobOL. Actually a compiled version of Snobol.
• Snowball.
• SPARK.
• SP/k. Subset of PL/1, used for teaching.
• SPL.
• Squeak.
• SR. Synchronizing Resources
• SSL.
• Standard ML.
• Subtext.
• SuperCollider.
• SuperX++. 2001. XML language.
• SyncCharts.
• Synergy/DE.

T

• T. 1980+ A version of Lisp.
• TACL. Tandem Advanced Command Language. Scripting language used by Hewlett-Packard.
• Tacpol. Implementation of PL/I, was used by US army.
• TADS. Text Adventure Development System. A language to make games.
• TAL. Transaction Application Language, cross between C and Pascal used for Tandem computers.
• Transcript. Voir Revolution.
• Tcl. 1988. Tool Command Language. Tk is the graphical toolkit.
• Telcomp. 1965. Derived from Joss, conversationnal language used on PDP computers until 1974. Influenced Mumps.
• Tempo.
• Tinn-r.
• Titanium.
• TI-Basic.Basic-like language for calculators.
• Tom.
• Tpu. Scripting programming language for VAX/VMS (not verified).
• Trac. 1960+. Text Reckoning And Compiling.
• TTCN-3. Testing and Test Control Notation. Formerly: "Tree and Tabular Combined Notation".
• Turing. 1982. Pascal-like, derived from Euclid.
• Tutor. 1965. CAI programming language.
• TypeScript. 2012. Sperset to JavaScript by Microsoft, with types variables, classes and modules. Compiled to JavaScript. Open source under Apache license.
• TXL. 1988. Derived from Turing above.

U

• Ubercode. 2005. Cross between Eiffel and Basic.
• Unicon. Unified Extended Dialect of Icon.
• UnrealScript. Scripting games.
• UrbiScript. Robot programming language.
• UML. Unified Modeling Language. Visual programming language.

V

• Verilog HDL. A hardware description language.
• VHDL. VHSIC Hardware Description Language.
• VDS. Visual DialogScript.
• Virt. Pascal-like with Prolog features, for Artificial Intelligence problem solving. Interpreter.
• Visual Basic. 1991.
• Visual Basic .NET.
• VBScript.Visual Basic Script Edition.

W

• Water. XML-embedded programming language.
• Whitespace. Actually a joke, an "esoteric" programming language, but with a real interpreter!
• Winbatch. Scripting language for Windows.
• Wiring. C-like language dedicated to electronics.

X

• XOTcl. Object oriented version of TCL.
• XPL. 1967. Derived from PL/I, for compiler writing.
• XL. Implements concept programming.
• Xtend. (2011). Created by the Eclipse Foundation to ease Java, makes improvements, such as removing  semicolons, a powerful switch as in Scriptol. Compiles to Java code.

Y

• YAFL.
• Yorick. Language for scientific calculations and simulations.

Z

• Z notation. Visual specification of programs like UML.
• ZPL.
• ZOPL. (Not verified)
• ZUG. (Not verified)

Markup languages and data formats

• CFML. ColdFusion Markup Language.
• EmotionML. An XML dialect for representing emotions, by the W3C..
• HTML. HyperText Markup Language.
• JSON Patch. This basic language is a standard proposed by IETF for operations on a JSON document.
• PostScript. 1985.
• Protocol Buffers. By Google, became open in 2008.
• RDF. Resource Description Framework.
• SGML. 1969.
• SVG. Scalable Vector Graphic.
• Tex.
• XAML. eXtensible Application Markup Language.
• XBL. eXtensible Bindings Language. For widget creating in Xml based languages.
• Xforms. Web graphical interactive user interface.
• XHTML. XML HTML.
• XML. eXtensible Markup Language.
• XUL. XML-based User interface Language.

Query or database oriented languages

• Aubit-4GL. See Informix.
• D4 or Dataphor. Based on Tutorial D.
• Dataflex. 1980. Database programming language.
• dBase. programming language.
• Hypertalk. 1987. Card language for Apple.
• Informix-4GL. 4GL means for fourth generation specialized language. Informix is specialized in databases and reports.
• pl/SQL. SQL extension.
• SQL. 1987. Structured Query Language.
• Tutorial D.
• Visual Foxpro. Derived from dBase.
• xBaseScript. (xbScript) Clipper database scripting.